c2sp.org/vrf-r255

This document defines the ECVRF-RISTRETTO255-SHA512 ciphersuite of the ECVRF construction specified in RFC 9381, similarly to RFC 9381, Section 5.5 and according to RFC 9381, Section 7.10.

|| denotes concatenation. 0x followed by two hexadecimal characters denotes a byte value in the 0-255 range.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 RFC 2119 RFC 8174 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

• suite_string = 0xFF || "c2sp.org/vrf-r255"

• The EC group G is the ristretto255 group defined in draft-irtf-cfrg-ristretto255-decaf448-03.

  • For this group, ptLen = qLen = 32, cofactor = 1, B is the canonical generator defined in draft-irtf-cfrg-ristretto255-decaf448-03, Section 4, and q = 2^252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493.

  • Since ristretto255 is an abstract prime order group, F (the base field) and E (the elliptic curve) are not defined. Instead of points on E which might not be on the prime-order subgroup, this ciphersuite simply deals directly with elements in G.

• cLen = 16

• The secret key SK is equal to the secret scalar x and is generated by selecting a random element of the scalar field, for example by obtaining 64 bytes from a CSPRNG and reducing them modulo q, as suggested in draft-irtf-cfrg-ristretto255-decaf448-03, Section 4.4.

• The ECVRF_nonce_generation function is as specified in #nonce-generation.

• The int_to_string and string_to_int functions respectively encode the integer as a string and interpret the string as an integer in little-endian representation.

  • In practice, most implementations neither will nor should deal with arbitrary integer types. Instead, every time this document or RFC 9381 use int_to_string and string_to_int or perform arithmetic on integers, they're operating on elements of the scalar field (integers modulo q).

  • ristretto255 libraries commonly provide constant-time implementations of two kind of setters for scalar field elements: one that reduces the input modulo q, suitable for k in ECVRF_nonce_generation; and one that checks that the input is below q, suitable for s in ECVRF_decode_proof. c in ECVRF_challenge_generation and ECVRF_decode_proof is always smaller than q due to its length, so either setter can be used. Right-padding with zeroes or truncation might be necessary to accommodate the various lengths.

• The point_to_string function is the ristretto255 encoding group function defined in draft-irtf-cfrg-ristretto255-decaf448-03, Section 4.3.2.

• The string_to_point function is the ristretto255 decoding group function defined in draft-irtf-cfrg-ristretto255-decaf448-03, Section 4.3.1.

• The hash function Hash is SHA-512 as specified in RFC 6234, with hLen = 64.

• The ECVRF_encode_to_curve function is as specified in #encode-to-curve.

  • encode_to_curve_salt = PK_string

It is RECOMMENDED for the validate_key parameter to ECVRF_verify to be always TRUE. For this ciphersuite, the ECVRF_validate_key operation simply involves checking that the public key is not the identity element.

The ECVRF-EDWARDS25519-SHA512 ciphersuites adopt the RFC 8032 key and nonce generation procedures, which are hard to prove formally and require a more convoluted argument for hash domain separation. Instead, here we use a straightforwardly domain-separated Hash invocation to derive the nonce from the inputs, similarly to how the ECVRF-P256-SHA256 ciphersuites work, but without the dependency on HMAC-DRBG. This also enables SK to be equal to x, and along with the simplified #encode-to-curve procedure ensures that every Hash instantiation in ECVRF-RISTRETTO255-SHA512 is domain-separated by a fixed prefix.

ECVRF_nonce_generation(SK, h_string)

Input:

• SK — ECVRF secret key, an integer between 0 and q-1

• h_string — an octet string

Output:

• k — nonce, an integer between 0 and q-1

Steps:

1. nonce_generation_domain_separator = 0x81
2. k_string = Hash(suite_string || nonce_generation_domain_separator || int_to_string(SK, 32) || h_string)
3. k = string_to_int(k_string) mod q

The PWHVNRG17 proof models ECVRF_encode_to_curve as a random oracle separate from any other Hash instantiation. RFC 9381, Section 7.8 argues that it's ok to use RFC 9380 for ECVRF_encode_to_curve because it will always invoke Hash with a non-zero final input byte, while most other uses of Hash in the document append a zero byte to the input. Since ristretto255 provides a one-way map and hLen is conveniently the same size as its input, in this document we get to skip all that complexity and use an instantiation of Hash that's domain-separated like every other hash use in RFC 9381.

ECVRF_encode_to_curve(encode_to_curve_salt, alpha_string)

Input:

• encode_to_curve_salt — public salt value, an octet string

• alpha_string — value to be hashed, an octet string

Output:

• H — hashed value, an element in G

Steps:

1. encode_to_curve_domain_separator = 0x82
2. hash_string = Hash(suite_string || encode_to_curve_domain_separator || encode_to_curve_salt || alpha_string)
3. H = ristretto255_one_way_map(hash_string)

ristretto255_one_way_map is the one-way map defined in draft-irtf-cfrg-ristretto255-decaf448-03, Section 4.3.4.

In this section, octet strings are represented as hex, scalars are encoded with int_to_string, and group elements are encoded with point_to_string. Newlines are inserted for readability.

SK = x = 3431c2b03533e280b23232e280b34e2c3132c2b03238e280b23131e280b34500

PK = Y = 54136cd90d99fbd1d4e855d9556efea87ba0337f2a6ce22028d0f5726fcb854e

alpha = 633273702e6f72672f7672662d72323535

hash_string = 3907ed3453d308b0cb4ae071be7e5a80f7db05f11f5569016e3fa3996f730782
    1142133d0124fb3774d55ba6ccd14c11f71bf66038ec80b3f9973a1a6d69f5db

H = f245308737c2a888ba56448c8cdbce9d063b57b147e063ce36c580194ef31a63

k_string = b5eb28143d9defee6faa0c02ff0168b7ac80ea89fe9362845af15cabd100a91e
    d6251dfa52be36405576eca4a0970f91225b85c8813206d13bd8b42fd11a00fe

k = d32fcc5ae91ba05704da9df434f22fd4c2c373fdd8294bbb58bf27292aeec00a

Gamma = x*H = 0a97d961262fb549b4175c5117860f42ae44a123f93c476c439eddd1c0cff926

U = k*B = 9a30709d72de12d67f7af1cd8695ff16214d2d4600ae5f478873d2e7ed0ece73

V = k*H = 5e727d972b11f6490b0b1ba8147775bceb1a2cb523b381fa22d5a5c0e97d4744

c_string = 5c805525233e2284dbed45e593b8eea346184b1548e416a11c85f0091b7dba42
    c92eaea061d0f3378261fc360f5b3cf793020236a9aaec5bbff84c09c91d0555

c = 5c805525233e2284dbed45e593b8eea3

s = 1d5ca9734d72bcbba9738d5237f955f3b2422351149d1312503b6441a47c940c

pi = 0a97d961262fb549b4175c5117860f42ae44a123f93c476c439eddd1c0cff926
    5c805525233e2284dbed45e593b8eea31d5ca9734d72bcbba9738d5237f955f3
    b2422351149d1312503b6441a47c940c

beta = dd653f0879b48c3ef69e13551239bec4cbcc1c18fe8894de2e9e1c790e182736
    03bf1c6c25d7a797aeff3c43fd32b974d3fcbd4bcce916007097922a3ea3a794